Conquering the Mountain . . . of Manure (Part 1)

What to Do With the Poo

A reality of having livestock is the accumulation of manure from stall cleanouts and picking in heavy use areas.

A horse produces 50 pounds of manure per day. Manure and bedding for a horse in a single year can exceed 25 cubic yards. When multiplied by a number of animals, you can accumulate a very large pile in a short time.

Having a Nutrient Management Plan can make the difference between viewing this accumulation as an inexpensive and nutrient rich soil amendment, or just a big pile of waste.

A Few Options:

Cover It!	Tarp piles in winter to prevent nutrients leaching through the pile due to rainfall. Lost nutrients = pollution
Compost It!	Compost methods include aerated, windrow, static pile, turned pile, etc. Final product is a safe, stable, slow-release soil amendment. Your local SWCD can advise!
Spread It!	Generally, a 1/4" application of manure of compost can be spread once or twice annually (avoiding the wet season). Each acre treated will utilize about 33 cubic yards of material per 1/4" application.
Export It!	In no plan is made to safely utilize the manure, it may be hauled to a landfill which is expensive. Composted manure may be sold or shared. Finding a reliable taker of the product may require some searching an relationship development.

The Scoop on Compost

Composting can reduce pile volume between 30 to 70% depending on what is being composted. Factors include:

• volume of materials,
• size of materials,
• moisture content,
• bulk density, and
• carbon to nitrogen ratio.

To compost successfully you must achieve temperatures of over 130° F. The National Organic Program recommends exceeding 131° F for 15 days and turning the pile at least five times. These temperatures will kill weed seeds and pathogens.

Regular turning or aeration will cause an active or thermal phase of composting dominated by soil bacteria that will last 1-2 months. Then, when the pile begins to cool off, the curing phase begins and continues for an additional 1-4 months. This allows time for fungi to colonize and develop a rich soil amendment.

Without turning or aeration, the composting process may take a year or more and may not reach the required temperatures to kill weed seeds and parasites.

Getting the Ratio Right

The ideal environment for successful composting is achieving 50% moisture content (like a wrung out sponge) and a ratio of 30:1 Carbon (browns) to Nitrogen (greens). Manure is considered the nitrogen source and bedding (straw, wood) is the carbon source.

Horse manure is excreted at nearly this ideal ratio, so it is important to minimize extra carbon from bedding. Using excess wood shavings increases the carbon source and slows the composting process. It may also lock up nutrients in the soil if the manure is directly field applied.

Consider adding a high nitrogen source to counter the high carbon when composting or before spreading compost with excess wood shavings. High sources of nitrogen include blood meal, bone meal, or straight nitrogen fertilizer.

Tips on Bedding and Cleaning

Also consider using smaller bedding particles as they will break down and compost quicker. By some accounts, straw, rice hulls, and shredded paper compost ten times faster than wood shavings! Be aware that compressed pellets (large wood chips) are difficult to compost.

Try to separate out as much clean or minimally contaminated bedding as possible for other uses such as mulch, trails, or stockpiles for future composting. Using stall mats greatly reduces the need for bedding, you only need to use bedding in areas animals use for waste.

The take home message is to be selective in your stall cleaning. Only the soiled bedding needs to be removed and composted. Often entire stalls are completely cleaned out and replaced with fresh bedding. In this case, much of the bedding removed is uncontaminated. Selective cleaning results in less waste to compost!

On the upside, compost can be a great resource for use on your own land, or for export as a soil amendment to neighbors, gardeners, or farmers. Retail sale as a soil amendment may be possible, but often requires a certification. Soil amendments and fertilizers must be registered before they may be sold commercially. For more information, check out this website.

What Goes in Must Come Out

To improve the attributes and quality of your manure or compost, consider what goes into the animal before it comes out as manure. Document herbicide use in pastures, hay sources, and medications to make sure they aren’t reducing the value of your compost.

Certain broadleaf weed herbicides (for example those containing picloram, aminopyrilid, clorpyrilid) can persist in dry hay for up to three years, and in compost for an extended time. If these chemicals have been used, compost should only be used on your own grass fields, not exported. Excess livestock medications that persist in compost can also be a concern for some organic growers or food producers.

Ask Questions

Protect yourself! As a consumer, ask questions about the products you are purchasing. Also consider certifications. Yes, you may pay more, but you also know more about the product when buying animal feeds, wood products, compost, and soil amendments (Weed Free Forage, OMRI, Sustainable Forestry, etc.). ODA maintains a weed free forage certification program that is becoming increasingly popular for both buyers and sellers.

For technical assistance, please contact Clackamas Soil and Water Conservation District at 503-210-6000 or send a message to jfaucera@conservationdistrict.org .